What do probes do in biology

Once such a unique nucleotide sequence, which may represent a portion of a virulence gene or of chromosomal DNA, is found, it is isolated and inserted into a cloning vector plasmid , which is then transformed into Escherichia coli to produce multiple copies of the probe.

The sequence is then reisolated from plasmids and labeled with an isotope or substrate for diagnostic use. The use of molecular technology in the diagnoses of infectious diseases has been further enhanced by the introduction of gene amplication techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction PCR in which DNA polymerase is able to copy a strand of DNA by elongating complementary strands of DNA that have been initiated from a pair of closely spaced oligonucleotide primers.

This approach has had major applications in the detection of infections due to microorganisms that are difficult to culture e. It is well established that genotyping of pathogenic isolates provides valuable support for the investigation of suspected outbreaks, the detection of unsuspected transmission, the tracing of infectious agents within a community, and the identification of possible sources of infection for newly diagnosed cases.

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Size-selective discrimination is an issue in biosensing. Here, the authors report on a size selective DNA nanocage which excludes agents based on size and protects the probes against degradation, and demonstrate the discrimination between mature and precursor miRNA. Research 04 March Open Access. Research Highlights 04 February Research Highlights 20 December Research Highlights 17 May This study identifies a human antibody fragment that recognizes i-motifs and shows that these DNA structures are present in the nuclei of human cells.

Research Highlights 30 January Research Highlights 31 March Atomic force microscopy is applied to image the location of chemical groups inside single protein complexes. Research Highlights 05 November Two studies report the design of DNA hairpins that function as optical probes of cellular traction forces, offering high spatiotemporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Advanced search.