Porrino, Ph. David P. Friedman, Ph. Leslie Morrow, Ph. Kathleen K. Sulik, Ph. Search Search. Volatility of a Liquid With sufficient kinetic energy, most liquids can become gases through the process of vaporization.

Volatile liquids have low boiling points. A liquid with a low boiling point will begin to boil faster than liquids with higher boiling points.

Much less energy in the form of heat is required to break the intermolecular bonds of a volatile liquid than those of liquids having higher boiling points. Once enough energy is supplied to break apart the bonds between molecules, the molecules are free to expand and escape the liquid surface in the form of a gas.

For example, the European Union uses the boiling point, rather than its volatility in its definition of VOCs. VOCs are sometimes categorized by the ease they will be emitted. The higher the volatility lower the boiling point , the more likely the compound will be emitted from a product or surface into the air. Very volatile organic compounds are so volatile that they are difficult to measure and are found almost entirely as gases in the air rather than in materials or on surfaces.

The least volatile compounds found in air constitute a far smaller fraction of the total present indoors while the majority will be in solids or liquids that contain them or on surfaces including dust, furnishings and building materials. In the United States, emissions of VOCs to the outdoors are regulated by EPA mostly to prevent the formation of ozone, a constituent of photochemical smog.

VOCs that are non-reactive or of negligible reactivity to form ozone under these conditions are exempted from the definition of VOCs used by EPA in its regulation. Since first establishing the list of exempt compounds in , the EPA has added several to the list, and frequently has several petitions for additional compounds undergoing review.

In addition, some states have their own definitions and lists of exempted compounds. Thus, for regulatory purposes, the specific definition of VOCs outdoors can change by what is excluded from that definition. This terminology clarified its meaning as being limited to reactive chemicals. To the extent that some exempted compounds impact the health of exposed individuals indoors, the definition of VOCs regulated for outdoor air has the potential to create serious misconceptions for indoor air quality, therefore, such VOCs should not be excluded from consideration for indoor air.

For example, methylene chloride paint stripper , and perchloroethylene dry cleaning fluid , are exempted compounds for outdoor regulation, but they could pose serious health risks to exposed individuals if present indoors.

The first is listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as a potential human carcinogen and the second is listed as a probable human carcinogen.

Indoor VOCs react with the indoor ozone 9 even at concentrations below public health standards. The chemical reactions produce sub-micron sized particles and harmful by-products that may be associated with adverse health effects in some sensitive populations. When discussing indoor environments, all organic chemical compounds that can volatize under normal indoor atmospheric conditions of temperature and pressure are VOCs. The three classifications are all important to indoor air, and are all considered to fall within the broad definition of indoor volatile organic compounds.

Other than volatility or boiling point no other criteria are used to define VOCs indoors. Knowledge about the VOCs that are present at low concentrations normally found in indoor air.

All available measurement methods are selective in what they can measure and quantify accurately, and none are capable of measuring all VOCs that are present. For example, benzene and toluene are measured by a different method than formaldehyde and other similar compounds. The range of measurement methods and analytical instruments is large and will determine the sensitivity of the measurements as well as their selectivity or biases.

Generally speaking, high volatility is connected to a high flammability and a certain degree of danger due to the fact that there are more of these flammable fumes in the air.

Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Fuels. Acid Rain. Climate Change. Climate Feedback. Ocean Acidification.

Companies had one year to change formulas to comply with the new law. While healthcare settings still have access to antibacterial soap, the regular consumer does not. There were several reasons behind this ban, the first being that triclosan has been shown to disrupt hormones and other biological processes. It also has a negative impact on the environment, especially on algae growth in bodies of water.

Other now-banned antibacterial chemicals have been proven harmful to humans or the environment in other ways. Before the ban, we were also beginning to see a rise in bacteria that were becoming resistant to triclosan and some of the other antibacterials. What makes soap antibacterial or antimicrobial? Regular soap, without any antimicrobial additives, does not kill bacteria or viruses.

So, how does soap work? Lathering with soap gets the bacteria to mix in with the soap, then the water rinses it away. However, every last one of those bacteria or viruses are still alive as they go down the drain. Many natural substances with antibacterial properties can be soap ingredients.

Raw honey, for example, has excellent antibacterial properties. That is nearly half the number of bacteria found. It is clear that washing your hands works, even with only water. However, obviously using soap produces a much more desirable result. You are also more likely to wash for a little bit longer when using soap as opposed to water only. The FDA and CDC claim that there is no significant difference between antibacterial and plain soap in their ability to clean the hands of dirt and bacteria.

While some studies suggest a small difference, others are inconclusive. It is important to understand that the FDA ruling does not apply to OTC hand sanitizers whose ingredients, like ethanol alcohol or povidone-iodine, are believed to be safe and effective when soap and water are not available.

The ban also does not apply antibacterial soaps used in hospitals. It is also important to note that agents like TCS have their appropriate use. As fast and convenient as hand sanitizer may seem, washing your hands with soap and water is still the best way to prevent common bacterial infections. However, it is important to do so correctly. When teaching your kids how to wash, tell them to sing the "Happy Birthday" song twice out loud, which takes roughly 20 seconds.

Finally, check that the soaps and body washes you use do not contain triclosan, triclocarban, or any other banned ingredient other than the six currently deferred by the FDA. It is possible that these products may have been purchased before the ban went into effect. It may be tempting to find products that claim to protect you from " To better protect yourself and your family, simply wash your hands with regular soap and water as needed.

This includes washing before and after eating or preparing food; after using the bathroom or changing a diaper; before touching your face; and after being out in public and touching shared surfaces. Consistent and correct handwashing with soap and water is far more effective at stopping germs that any individual ingredient. Looking to avoid getting the flu? Our free guide has everything you need to stay healthy this season.

Sign up and get yours today. Food and Drug Administration. FDA issues final rule on safety and effectiveness of consumer hand sanitizers. April 11, Updated May 16, The use of triclosan-coated sutures to prevent surgical site infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.

BMJ Open. Safety and effectiveness of consumer antiseptics: Topical antimicrobial drug products for over-the-counter human use. September 6, Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children. Contact hypersensitivity to triclosan. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Investigation of human exposure to triclocarban after showering and preliminary evaluation of its biological effects. Environ Sci Technol. Impacts of prenatal triclosan exposure on fetal reproductive hormones and its potential mechanism.

Environ Int. Hand hygiene in hospitals: anatomy of a revolution. J Hosp Infect. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Show me the science - How to wash your hands. The study's authors urged the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA to further evaluate the advertising claims of antibacterial products, especially considering the lack of additional health benefits associated with the use of triclosan-containing soap over regular soap.

However, the problem of diseases being spread by dirty hands is not just that antibacterial soaps aren't doing as good a job as they promise it's that the public is not washing their hands adequately enough, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC.

The average five seconds that most people spend washing their hands is not enough time to properly kill bacteria, the CDC warned. According to the CDC, the best thing that people can do to get rid of harmful bacteria is to wash their hands for longer lengths of time using warm water. So exactly how much time should people spend washing their hands? Live Science.

You are here Conditions Sciatica. By Stephen Hochschuler, MD. Peer Reviewed. Sciatic Nerve and Sciatica Save. Davis D, Vasudevan A. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Physiotherapy Research International. Giuffre BA, Jeanmonod R. Anatomy, Sciatic Nerve. Entrapment of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve by advanced osteophytic changes of the lumbosacral zygapophyseal joint: a case report.

Asian Spine J. Rarely, sciatica may affect both legs together. Pain alternating between the right and left leg is also possible. In sciatica, leg pain is typically more severe than back pain. Neurological symptoms may result in reduced function of the affected leg and is more common when the sciatic nerve is compressed. See Diagnosing the Cause of Sciatica. While quite rare, there are times when sciatica symptoms may indicate a potentially serious injury to the sciatic nerve.

A medical emergency is indicated when:. These symptoms can indicate serious underlying conditions such as cauda equina syndrome , infection, or spinal tumors. This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Sciatic nerve Open pop-up dialog box Close. Sciatic nerve The sciatic nerves branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Herniated disk Open pop-up dialog box Close.

Herniated disk The rubbery disks that lie between the vertebrae in your spine consist of a soft center nucleus surrounded by a tougher exterior annulus.

Bone spurs on spine Open pop-up dialog box Close. Bone spurs on spine As your spine ages, it's more likely to experience bone spurs or herniated disks. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Hsu PS, et al. Lumbosacral radiculopathy: Pathophysiology, clinical features and diagnosis.

Accessed June 16, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Levin K, et al. We offer conservative therapy, pain management, sports medicine, personal injury, and minimally invasive surgery services to help you get back on your feet and back to doing the activities you love. We have a convenient clinic located in Jacksonville, FL. Please call us or reach out online to schedule your first appointment.

Bone fracture repair is a natural process — the human body has an incredible ability to regrow new bone after a break. However, fractures must be placed in the optimal environment to ensure a proper and complete healing. Fracture treatment depends on the location, severity and type of fracture you sustain. Some fractures can … Continued. A bulging disc is a common, age-related spine injury. The spine is made up of stacked vertebrae with spinal discs sitting between each one.

The tough discs provide cushioning, support, and shock absorption and movement to the vertebrae. Each disc is made up of an outer ring annulus fibrosus and inner, jelly-like core nucleus pulposus. It was scary, and you felt a little shaken up afterward, but you walked away from the scene unharmed and feeling fine. Bone spurs also called osteophytes are overgrowths of bone that form along bone edges — usually around joints. Bone spur development is an immune system response.

When your body detects an area of damage or … Continued.

As a result, the leaves may look pale yellowish-green and thin. As with an iron deficiency, the first step is to test your soil. The wrong pH can make nitrogen less available to your roses. Blood meal is an excellent option to work in extra nitrogen. Down to Earth makes an all-natural product in a biodegradable box. Down to Earth Blood Meal. Need to purchase some?

Arbico Organics carries DTE blood meal in half-pound, five-pound, pound and pound packages. It causes the foliage on the plant to become stippled or splotched yellow and green. Leaves might turn greener as the season progresses. Your best option is to just let it be. Pull the plants if it bothers you. Rather than becoming pure yellow, the leaves will have mottled yellowing, which may or may not also include some red coloration. Learn more about this disease in our guide here.

This can look much like drought stress, so examine your plants closely and look for the telltale fine webbing covering your plant that serves as a common sign of their presence. Once the leaves are turning yellow and falling, you already have a pretty serious problem on your hands. First, use a strong spray of water from the hose to wash off the mites. Do this once a week until you see no more webbing or teeny-tiny pests.

Bonide Insecticidal Super Soap. After you treat the plants, introduce beneficial predators like assassin bugs, lacewings, ladybugs, or minute pirate bugs to take care of any of any inevitably remaining mites. Read more about dealing with these common garden pests in our guide. Too much fertilizer can cause leaves to turn yellow. To address the problem, first test your soil. You might not need as much fertilizer as you think. Thanks, Rachelle. This is die-back which can be caused by a number of things including black spot, mildew or rust.

Die-back is a symptom of disease and not necessarily the cause. Cut away the infected branches to beyond the infected wood, make sure this is done on a dry sunny day. Seal the wounds to prevent disease entering the plant. Pick up any infected leaves that may have fallen around the rose to stop disease spreading.

The disease could have been carried on dirty cutting tools, make sure they are clean by sterilising with methylated spirits so disease can't be spread to other plants. Try and stake the rose rather than tie it to the fence, as this will cause less damage to the rose.

Spray with a spray suitable for fungal diseases on roses - check at your local garden centre. Keep your rose well watered — deep watering every days rather than light sprinklings of water and feed it during spring, summer and autumn with a specially blended rose fertiliser such as Tui Rose Food.

Tui Sheep Pellets are also great for roses - they are sheep pellets and nitrophoska mixed together in a pellet so have the added benefit of improving the soil as well as feeding the rose. Roses are heavy feeders and require nitrogen to form chlorophyll for the leaves to be green and the plant to photosynthesise. Yellow rose leaves is a signs of stress due to a nitrogen deficit in the soil. However it should also be noted that rose leaves can turn yellow as a reaction to a lack of magnesium and iron in the soil.

Rose leaves are more likely to turn yellow if the soil is sandy and nutrient poor as this is contrary to their preferred soil profile. Sandy soils do not retain moisture or water soluble nutrients such as nitrogen so annual applications of fertilizer are important. To reverse yellow leaves due to a lack of nutrients, use a well balanced fertilizer made specifically for roses there are many products available but I have had success with miracle-gro and apply a 1 inch layer of mulch to the surface of the soil around the base of the rose.

Use materials such as compost, leaf mould or well rotted manure for mulch as these three materials have an excellent capacity for holding moisture and add nutrients to the soil over time. Apply the mulch once in the Spring and again in before Winter to help insulate the cold sensitive roots and continue to improve the soil.

With consistent applications of fertilizer and mulch the rose should recover over the next few weeks. Please note that fertilizer should only be applied to the soil in Spring after the threat of frost has passed and do not apply any more after the 15th of August as fertilizer stimulates new tender growth which is more vulnerable to frost damage in the upcoming Winter.

Rose leaves can also turn yellow due to an iron deficiency which is caused by alkaline soils…. If the soil pH is too high then this can cause an iron deficiency which causes the veins of the leaf to remain green yet the rest of the leaf turns yellow.

Alkaline soils can affect the availability of nutrients in the soil such as iron and magnesium which results in yellow leaves on your rose bush as a sign of stress. Roses prefer a mildly acidic soil and can grow in a pH range of pH without problems associated with nutrient availability. If your garden soil is alkaline above pH 7 then this is the most likely cause of your rose leaves turning yellow. Determining the soil pH of your soil can be as easy as asking your gardening savvy neighbours what the soil pH is in the neighbourhood.

Alternatively you can use a soil gauge that you can buy at garden centers or on amazon. Soil gauges are very easy to use, and accurately tell you the pH of your soil so that you can plant out your garden according to your soil conditions.

Best of all they are available for a great price. If you test your soil and the pH is higher then 7 then I recommend transplanting your rose if possible to a pot or raised beds as your garden soil is not suitable for growing roses. If your transfer the rose to a pot then you have control over the soil profile and can customize the soil with a rose potting mix so that your roses thrive rather then trying to amend your soil with sulphur to make it more acidic.

Transferring your rose to a pot or raised bed also means that it is no longer exposed to the alkaline soil and the rose can start to make a recovery and eventually the yellow leaves should revive to a healthy green colour. Roses require soil to be consistently moist to a depth of around inches. For most climates and conditions, watering your roses once a week with a generous soak is enough for your roses to thrive and to prevent drought.

However the watering frequency should be adjusted to your climate and soil conditions so that the soil stays consistently moist but not saturated to prevent yellow leaves.

Once of the best ways to prevent drought stress and to revive your rose with yellow leaves is to use a mulch around the base of the rose.

Apply a 1 inch layer of compost to the surface of the soil around the base of the rose to help conserve moisture and improve the soils moisture retaining capacity. Mulch also helps to shade the soil and keep the roots cool. With consistent watering at the use of mulch your rose leaves should recover from the yellow appearance over the next few weeks.

Rose leaves can turn yellow as a result of their roots being deprived of oxygen due to saturated soils. Roses require soil that is consistently moist yet has a light, friable, aerated structure to allow for root respiration.

If the soil is boggy and not well draining then this can prevent oxygen reaching the roots which causes the leaves to turn yellow. To avoid over watering and depriving your rose roots of oxygen it is important to water roses appropriately for your climate and soil conditions.

The optimal balance of soil moisture for roses is for the soil to be consistently moist but not damp to a depth of inches. This is achieved by planting roses in lots of organic matter compost or leaf mould applying mulch and watering with a generous soak around once per week during the Spring and Summer with additional watering during heatwaves.

If you are watering your rose every day, this is too frequent and can result in the leaves turning yellow, scale back watering to around once per week and only water during Spring and Summer. If the soil is boggy and damp all the time because it is low lying or just drains slowly then it is likely that not only the leaves turn yellow but the rose will develop the disease root rot and die.

Moreover, while the first ceramic vessels must have provided Stone Age hunter-gatherers with several new opportunities for cooking and consuming foods, we have almost no idea of how early pots were used. In this article we focus attention on ceramic crafts during the period of prehistory and classical antiquity. Meantime, to see how the evolution of pottery fits into the chronology of prehistory, see: Prehistoric Art Timeline from 2.

What Types of Pottery Are There? There are three main types of ceramic ware: earthenware, stoneware and porcelain, categorized according to the clay used to make them, and the temperature required to fire them. A Earthenware is the oldest and easiest type of pottery. It is also the softest, being heated at the lowest temperature typically between and degrees Celsius.

It includes maiolica, faience, and delft. B Stoneware is a denser type of pottery that is fired at a higher temperature between and degrees Celsius.

In addition, stoneware is typically coated with a glaze of powdered glass and fired again at a higher temperature. This causes the glaze to fuse with the clay body, creating a vitreous, impermeable surface. Where earthenware usually ranges in colour from buff to dark red, stoneware varies from grey to buff, or even green - as in the case of celadon. C Porcelain - of which Chinese Porcelain remains the finest and most valuable variant - is finer than stoneware, makes a ringing tone when tapped, and has a characteristic translucence when held up to the light.

Luristan Pottery Vessel c. Hixenbaugh Gallery of Ancient Art. New York. How is Pottery Decorated? Pottery can be decorated in a variety of ways. The addition of iron oxide, for instance, creates the greenish-coloured glaze characteristic of Chinese celadon pottery. See also: Decorative Art. Where and When Was Pottery Invented? According to archeological evidence, pottery first appeared during the era of Paleolithic art in East Asia China, Japan, and the Amur River basin in Eastern Russia , before eventually spreading to the Middle East and the Mediterranean basin during the Neolithic period, thousands of years later.

In Europe, the oldest pottery was developed in the Czech Republic. Archeologists are unsure as to exactly why pottery started in China. The current theory is that pottery production was caused by climatic conditions. The Xianrendong pottery, for instance, was created about the time of the Last Gacial Maximum, when temperatures in East Asia were exceptionally low.

In order to survive, people had to extract the maximum calorific and nutritional value from their food. One solution was to make pots to cook with, since cooking food helps to boost nutrient intake from starchy plants and meat, hence the invention of pottery. Other factors would also have contributed to the emergence of Chinese earthenware. To begin with, the country is richly endowed with the raw materials clay, kaolin, feldspar, quartz needed to make ceramics. Also, the relatively dense Chinese population, especially in the southeast of the country, would also have been a factor.

However, we still don't know the full story as to why Chinese art in this field was so far ahead of its European counterparts. It is also worth noting that porcelain was produced in China as early as the 9th century, but Europeans proved unable to make any until the 18th century.

History and Development of Pottery. Paleolithic Pottery. Up until the s, most archeologists and anthropologists believed that pottery was first made during the period of Neolithic art c.

However, the discoveries at Xianrendong and Yuchanyan, together with the cache of Jomon pottery discovered at Odaiyamamoto I site 14, BCE at Aomori Prefecture, Japan, prove beyond doubt that ceramic pottery was being made ten thousand years earlier, during the European era of Solutrean art 20,, BCE - a surprising development given the relative absence of Chinese cave art during this period. Moreover, with better dating techniques being developed, it is probable that we will find even older sites from the Middle period of the Upper Paleolithic.

For primitive Stone Age cooking pots, all that was needed was a supply of clay and a source of heat. Thus most Chinese pottery of the Upper Paleolithic until about 10, BCE was roughly made earthenware, fired in bonfires for a short time at temperatures up to degrees Celsius.

Vessels were made with round bottoms thus avoiding any sharp angles or rims that would be more prone to cracking. Glazes were not used, while decoration was limited to the use of coiled "ropes" and basketry.

In Japan, from about 14, BCE, the "Jomon" culture was named after the decorative technique of leaving impressions on the outside of the pot, by pressing rope into the clay before firing it.

Neolithic Pottery in China. Although Chinese pottery had been made continuously since 18, BCE, it remained relatively primitive. During the era of Chinese Neolithic art , however, the introduction of the potter's wheel and better kilns, as well as the emergence of parallel technologies in smelting and metallurgy, helped to improve the range and quality of all types of ceramic ware.

The earliest Chinese Neolithic pots were red-coloured earthenware, hand-made by coiling , fired in bonfires. Decoration was limited to simple designs applied by stamping and impressing techniques. Early Neolithic cultures in China include:. Primitive pots. Noted for cord-marked pottery. There is something special in local clay and its impurity. Clays that you dig from nature can make wonderful slips and slip glazes if you experiment with firing temperature and fire them at a bit higher temperature than usual….

In the current digital era, everyone is busy and occupied with multiple online tasks to attend to. The continuous buzzing on the mobile keeps one distracted and a person is bound to lose focus on imperative responsibilities.

In such a scenario, does a creative hobby like pottery act as an antidote to the online world? Clay is the primary layer on Earth, and because of its wide application, it is heavily utilized by humans. Different civilizations used clay throughout history for shaping and human purposes.

From figurines, amphoras for wine, and eating utensils, people shaped the clay with water, because of its elasticity and durability, making the dishes for food…. Skip to content. What Is Hand Building With Clay Making pottery by hand-building is an ancient technique and involves creating forms using your hands, fingers, and some simple tools but without a pottery wheel.

Here is the list of common terms used: Potter : this is every individual craftsman working with clay Production potter : this is the person who makes large amounts of functional pots for money Studio potters: an artist who often creates a one-off piece or small series Ceramic artists : those who create clay artwork Clay artist: same as a ceramic artist, but may not fire their pieces i.

Porcelain This is a ceramic material made by heating materials in a kiln. Modern pottery can be classified in two ways : Commercial pottery or ceramics which are produced in factories Studio pottery which is produced by individual craftsmen Studio pottery studio ceramics can be quite diverse. Previous Previous. Next Continue. If they wanted to sell more, they took more wares to market.

However, British production potters experimented with new body types, perfected glazes, and took orders for products made in factories rather than taking finished goods to the consumer. By the later eighteenth century, many fellow potters followed suit, experimenting with all kinds of new bodies and glazes.

Molds were used to make mass quantities of consistent product so that the consumer could be assured of the look of this piece. There are two types of clays, primary and secondary.

Primary clay is found in the same place as the rock from which it is derived—it has not been transported by water or glacier and thus has not mixed with other forms of sediment. Primary clay is heavy, dense, and pure.

Secondary or sedimentary clay is formed of lighter sediment that is carried farther in water and deposited. This secondary clay, a mixture of sediment, is finer and lighter than primary clay. Varying additives give the clay different characteristics. Clay comes to a production potter in one of two forms—as a powder to which water must be added, or with water already added.

Large factories purchase the clays in huge quantities as dry materials, making up the clay batch as needed each day. A stoneware teapot mode by Jonah Wedgwood and Co. This lovely, stout stoneware teapot is the work of Josiah Wedgwood and Co. Teapots and associated cups became very popular about the mids because of the development importance of the "tea" and its ceremony.

Thus, a mainstay of porters in the eighteenth century was the teapot and cup sets. Josiah Wedgwood was not content to simply supply pottery rather haphazardly. He knew there was a large market for high-quality, attractive pottery and he certainly would do his best to regularize the product and develop some new products people just had to have.

He was one of the first potters to sell his wares in advance through orders, thus creating a sample or "stock" product. Since his products had to be uniform, he developed glazes that would give consistent results and divided the work process into many different steps so that one worker would not have a tremendous impact on the finished product. Particularly important to Wedgwood was the work of the modeller and the artist, who made the prototype shapes and designs for Wedgwood.

Wedgwood discovered that these artists could provide designs for new pottery that looked antique, and these neo-classicol pieces were the mainstay of his business for many years. Glazes are made up of materials that fuse during the firing process making the pot vitreous or impervious to liquids. Ceramics engineers define vitreous as a pot that has a water absorption rate of less than 0. Glazes must have three elements: silica, the vitrifying element converts the raw pottery into a glasslike form —is found in ground and calcined flint and quartz; flux, which fuses the glaze to the clay; and refractory material, which hardens and stabilizes the glaze.

Color is derived by adding a metallic oxide, including antimony yellows , copper green, turquoise, or red , cobalt black , chrome greens , iron, nickel, vanadium, etc. Glazes are generally purchased in dry form by production potters. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. What Are Ceramics? What Is Pottery? Studio Pottery. Clay as a Sculpting Medium.

Continue to 5 of 5 below. Potter, Ceramic Artist, or What? Featured Video. Related Topics.

Crude oil is usually black or dark brown, but can also be yellowish, reddish, tan, or even greenish. Variations in color indicate the distinct chemical compositions of different supplies of crude oil. Petroleum that has few metals or sulfur, for instance, tends to be lighter sometimes nearly clear.

Petroleum is used to make gasoline, an important product in our everyday lives. It is also processed and part of thousands of different items, including tires, refrigerators, life jackets, and anesthetics. When petroleum products such as gasoline are burned for energy, they release toxic gases and high amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.

Petroleum even exists far below the deepest wells that are developed to extract it. However, petroleum, like coal and natural gas, is a non-renewable source of energy. It took millions of years for it to form, and when it is extracted and consumed, there is no way for us to replace it.

Oil supplies will run out. Some experts predict peak oil could come as soon as Finding alternatives to petroleum is crucial to global energy use, and is the focus of many industries. Formation of Petroleum The geological conditions that would eventually create petroleum formed millions of years ago, when plants, algae, and plankton drifted in oceans and shallow seas.

These organisms sank to the seafloor at the end of their life cycle. Over time, they were buried and crushed under millions of tons of sediment and even more layers of plant debris. Eventually, ancient seas dried up and dry basins remained, called sedimentary basins.

Oxygen was almost completely absent in these conditions, and the organic matter began to transform into a waxy substance called kerogen. With more heat, time, and pressure, the kerogen underwent a process called catagenesis , and transformed into hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons are simply chemicals made up of hydrogen and carbon. Different combinations of heat and pressure can create different forms of hydrocarbons. Some other examples are coal, peat , and natural gas. Sedimentary basins, where ancient seabeds used to lie, are key sources of petroleum. More than oil deposits have been discovered in the massive Niger Delta basin, and they comprise one of the most productive oil fields in Africa.

Chemistry and Classification of Crude Oil The gasoline we use to fuel our cars, the synthetic fabrics of our backpacks and shoes, and the thousands of different useful products made from petroleum come in forms that are consistent and reliable. However, the crude oil from which these items are produced is neither consistent nor uniform.

Other elements such as nitrogen about 0. The way molecules are organized in the hydrocarbon is a result of the original composition of the algae, plants, or plankton from millions of years ago. The amount of heat and pressure the plants were exposed to also contributes to variations that are found in hydrocarbons and crude oil.

Due to this variation, crude oil that is pumped from the ground can consist of hundreds of different petroleum compounds. It is almost always necessary to refine crude oil in order to make useful products. Classification Oil is classified according to three main categories: the geographic location where it was drilled, its sulfur content, and its API gravity a measure of density.

Classification: Geography Oil is drilled all over the world. However, there are three primary sources of crude oil that set reference points for ranking and pricing other oil supplies: Brent Crude, West Texas Intermediate, and Dubai and Oman. Brent Crude is a mixture that comes from 15 different oil fields between Scotland and Norway in the North Sea. These fields supply oil to most of Europe. WTI supplies much of North America with oil. Dubai crude, also known as Fateh or Dubai-Oman crude, is a light, sour oil that is produced in Dubai, part of the United Arab Emirates.

The nearby country of Oman has recently begun producing oil. Dubai and Oman crudes are used as a reference point for pricing Persian Gulf oils that are mostly exported to Asia. Sulfur in crude oil can corrode metal in the refining process and contribute to air pollution. Petroleum with more than 0. The API has established accepted systems of standards for a variety of oil- and gas-related products, such as gauges, pumps, and drilling machinery.

The API has also established several units of measurement. API gravity is a measure of the density of petroleum liquid compared to water. Light oils are preferred because they have a higher yield of hydrocarbons.

Heavier oils have greater concentrations of metals and sulfur, and require more refining. Petroleum Reservoirs Petroleum is found in underground pockets called reservoirs. Deep beneath the Earth, pressure is extremely high. Petroleum slowly seeps out toward the surface, where there is lower pressure. It continues this movement from high to low pressure until it encounters a layer of rock that is impermeable.

The petroleum then collects in reservoirs, which can be several hundred meters below the surface of the Earth. Oil can also be contained by stratigraphic traps. Different strata, or layers of rock, can have different amounts of porosity. Crude oil migrates easily through a layer of sandstone, for instance, but would be trapped beneath a layer of shale. Geologists, chemists, and engineers look for geological structures that typically trap petroleum. During the process, a small explosion is set off.

Sound waves travel underground, bounce off of the different types of rock, and return to the surface. Sensors on the ground interpret the returning sound waves to determine the underground geological layout and possibility of a petroleum reservoir. The amount of petroleum in a reservoir is measured in barrels or tons. An oil barrel is about 42 gallons. This measurement is usually used by oil producers in the United States. Oil producers in Europe and Asia tend to measure in metric tons. There are about 6 to 8 barrels of oil in a metric ton.

The conversion is imprecise because different varieties of oil weigh different amounts, depending on the amount of impurities. Crude oil is frequently found in reservoirs along with natural gas. In the past, natural gas was either burned or allowed to escape into the atmosphere. Now, technology has been developed to capture the natural gas and either reinject it into the well or compress it into liquid natural gas LNG.

LNG is easily transportable and has versatile uses. Extracting Petroleum In some places, petroleum bubbles to the surface of the Earth. In parts of Saudi Arabia and Iraq, for instance, porous rock allows oil to seep to the surface in small ponds. However, most oil is trapped in underground oil reservoirs. The total amount of petroleum in a reservoir is called oil-in-place.

These petroleum liquids may be too difficult, dangerous, or expensive to drill. Drilling can either be developmental, exploratory, or directional. Drilling in an area where oil reserves have already been found is called developmental drilling. Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, has the largest oil reserves in the United States.

Developmental drilling in Prudhoe Bay includes new wells and expanding extraction technology. Drilling where there are no known reserves is called exploratory drilling.

McCarthy struck oil 38 times in the s, earning millions of dollars. Directional drilling involves drilling vertically to a known source of oil, then veering the drill bit at an angle to access additional resources. Accusations of directional drilling led to the first Gulf War in Iraq accused Kuwait of using directional drilling techniques to extract oil from Iraqi oil reservoirs near the Kuwaiti border.

Iraq subsequently invaded Kuwait, an act which drew international attention and intervention. After the war, the border between Iraq and Kuwait was redrawn, with the reservoirs now belonging to Kuwait. Oil Rigs On land, oil can be drilled with an apparatus called an oil rig or drilling rig.

Offshore, oil is drilled from an oil platform. Primary Production Most modern wells use an air rotary drilling rig, which can operate 24 hours a day. In this process, engines power a drill bit. A drill bit is a cutting tool used to create a circular hole. The drill bits used in air rotary drilling rigs are hollow steel, with tungsten rods used to cut the rock.

Petroleum drill bits can be 36 centimeters 14 inches in diameter. As the drill bit rotates and cuts through the earth, small pieces of rock are chipped off.

A powerful flow of air is pumped down the center of the hollow drill, and comes out through the bottom of the drill bit. The air then rushes back toward the surface, carrying with it tiny chunks of rock. Geologists on site can study these pieces of pulverized rock to determine the different rock strata the drill encounters. When the drill hits oil, some of the oil naturally rises from the ground, moving from an area of high pressure to low pressure.

It is also one of the most dangerous, and a piece of equipment called a blowout preventer redistributes pressure to stop such a gusher.

Pumps are used to extract oil. Most oil rigs have two sets of pumps: mud pumps and extraction pumps. Mud pumps circulate drilling fluid. The petroleum industry uses a wide variety of extraction pumps.

Which pump to use depends on the geography, quality, and position of the oil reservoir. Submersible pumps, for example, are submerged directly into the fluid. A gas pump, also called a bubble pump, uses compressed air to force the petroleum to the surface or well. One of the most familiar types of extraction pumps is the pumpjack , the upper part of a piston pump. A crank moves the large, hammer-shaped pumpjack up and down.

Far below the surface, the motion of the pumpjack moves a hollow piston up and down, constantly carrying petroleum back to the surface or well. Successful drilling sites can produce oil for about 30 years, although some produce for many more decades. Other methods are necessary to extract this petroleum, a process called secondary recovery.

Vacuuming the extra oil out was a method used in the s and early 20th century, but it captured only thinner oil components, and left behind great stores of heavy oil. Water flooding was discovered by accident. In the s, oil producers in Pennsylvania noticed that abandoned oil wells were accumulating rainwater and groundwater. The weight of the water in the boreholes forced oil out of the reservoirs and into nearby wells, increasing their production.

Oil producers soon began intentionally flooding wells as a way to extract more oil. The most prevalent secondary recovery method today is gas drive.

During this process, a well is intentionally drilled deeper than the oil reservoir. The deeper well hits a natural gas reservoir, and the high-pressure gas rises, forcing the oil out of its reservoir.

Oil Platforms Drilling offshore is much more expensive than drilling onshore. It usually uses the same drilling techniques as onshore, but requires a massive structure that can sustain the tremendous strength of ocean waves in stormy seas.

Offshore drilling platforms are some of the largest manmade structures in the world. They often include housing accommodations for people who work on the platform, as well as docking facilities and a helicopter landing pad to transport workers.

The platform can either be tethered to the ocean floor and float, or can be a rigid structure that is fixed to the bottom of the ocean, sea, or lake with concrete or steel legs. More than 70 people work on the platform, in three-week shifts. The platform is meters feet tall and is anchored to the ocean floor. For more on CO 2 emissions from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, click here. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Fuels.

Acid Rain. Climate Change. Climate Feedback. Ocean Acidification. Rising Sea Level. A gasoline pump featuring five octane ratings, represented by the five different numbers on the pump.

Please pardon our regional dialect. April 10th, What are the products and uses of petroleum? June 21, The economics of oil dependence: a glass ceiling to recovery [Online]. June 29, It is a fossil fuel that took millions of years to form and there is a finite amount of petroleum available.

Once all the petroleum is used in the world it will be gone for good. As society has advanced, and because of the harmful effects of petroleum and that it is a finite resource, society has come up with alternatives to petroleum. These alternatives include wind, solar, and biofuels. Wind power uses wind turbines to harness the power of the wind to create energy.

Solar power uses the sun as an energy source, and biofuels use vegetable oils and animal fat as a power source. Petroleum is a fossil fuel that is used widely in our day-to-day lives. In its refined state, it can be turned into gasoline, kerosene, fuel, and other uses, which as a society we use in transportation, lighting, heat, and more.

Petroleum is a finite material that once used up will not be able to be replaced. Its use is also harmful to the environment, as well as its extraction process. It is for these reasons that the use of alternative energy sources is being explored and implemented, such as solar and wind energy. Renewable Energy. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for Investopedia. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data.

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Your Practice. Popular Courses. Table of Contents Expand. What Is Petroleum? Understanding Petroleum. Types of Petroleum. Pros and Cons of Petroleum. How Is Petroleum Formed?

What Is Petroleum Used For? Is Petroleum Toxic to Humans? Is Petroleum Renewable? What Are Alternatives to Petroleum? The Bottom Line. Petroleum is used as fuel to power vehicles, heating units, and machines, and can be converted into plastics and other materials. The extraction and processing of petroleum, and thus, its availability, is a major driver of the world's economy and global politics. Petroleum is a finite product that was created over millions of years.

Once it is used up there will be no way to replace it. Due to the harmful effects and limited supply of petroleum, other energy sources are becoming prominent, such as solar and wind. Cons Carbon emissions are toxic to the environment. Transportation can damage the environment. Extraction process is harmful to the environment. Article Sources.

Normally we get back to you within working days, if not sooner. Please note! We are currently experiencing spam filter issues. Please check your spam filter if you are missing our reply. Costa Rica is a fantastic, tropical pearl in the heart of Central America, and quite possibly the best backpacking country in this part of the world.

It offers a perfect combination of beach life, surfing, diving, snorkeling, wildlife and trekking through jungles or up the side of a volcano. If you haven't yet visited this magical country, it sure is about time!

And if it wasn't obvious already, here are 10 reasons why you'll love Costa Rica. Pura vida! There's something very special and thrilling about propelling through the canopy on one of Costa Rica's many awesome ziplines. If you're an adrenalin junkie, you've come to the right place. Costa Rica is the perfect choice for all thrillseekers and offers a wide selection of exhilarating rides.

Costa Rica will amaze you with stunning nature and wildlife experiences. One of the animals you will come across, and that could pop up literally anywhere are the sloths. You'll see them hanging from trees around the country, particularly in the national parks.

Don't miss the chance to get some quality time with these gentle and lazy creatures. Almost no matter where you turn you'll see monkeys in Costa Rica. In fact, there are so many of them that you won't even bother to get out your camera in the end.

Four species of monkey are native to the forests of Costa Rica: White—throated capuchin monkeys, howler monkeys, squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys. You can see these monkeys all year around and in Corcovado National Park, you'll find all four species in one location. But watch out! These cheeky guys will steal stuff right out of your hand.

Costa Rica is a green, lush and colorful country, packed with a total of 28 beautiful national parks. If you head in this direction at the end of the rainy season you'll still get some rain, but you'll also get to experience some of the most vibrant and stunning landscape you've ever seen. The lush natural wild environment can be experienced for sure. Unlike other countries, Costa Rica is a very stable political climate and economic development providing visitors with a quiet environment for their stay is one of the few countries in the world without an army.

Costa Rica and its people have a peaceful disposition, which makes it a perfect place to enjoy such an unforgettable vacation. It offers dreamlike landscapes, friendly people willing to share their culture, and a safe country to experience natural wonders.

It also provides the perfect combination of relaxation, adventure culture, good cuisine, and wildlife. Visitors find in Costa Rica an adventure paradise in the most beautiful and safe natural environment. In addition to all this, we are pleased that more and more foreigners come to our country and feel pleased not only by the charisma of their people but also by their simplicity their cultures and traditions. Costa Rica is an endless number of emotions lived.

When visiting this dream place, you can have the most spectacular views. By connecting with nature, the lush beaches, and walks are ideal for the family in the country that has all good food and landscapes beyond imagination. There are registered stone spheres in Costa Rica, all of them equal in perfection, measuring anywhere between 20 centimetres and 2 metres in diameter. Reasons may include good genes, calcium-rich water that strengthens bones, a diet rich in fruits and hominy, as well as engaging in physical labour.

But it seems that the main factor has to do with their lifestyle that brings only happiness, which in turn raises endorphin levels and strengthens the immune system. It seems that Nicoyans are not only concerned with their own lives but also see themselves as connected to others and stay active and seek to learn new things throughout their lives!

Every adventurer and nature lover would love this country and everything it offers including, for example, some of the best white-water rafting locations in the world! Water sports are huge, and surfing, diving, tubing, windsurfing and kayaking are among the most popular!

Ziplining, canopy tours, biking, hiking, climbing and canyoning rate amongst the best sports to try and they can be done all over the country! Listing only 10 reasons to visit Costa Rica is challenging as there is so much more to learn and discover about this beautiful and unique country. So, the best we can do now is to invite you to join our projects in this marvellous place that ranks among the most peaceful ones worldwide and discover its uniqueness for yourself! Are you an avid photographer looking to improve your wildlife portrait photography skills?

Then we can help! In this blog post, written by our South America is one of the most iconic, diverse, unique and fascinating regions in the world-a dream travel destination. This extensive area that spans from Colombia to the Southern-most tips of Patagonia in Chile and Argentina is home to 13 different The answer is yes, horse can indeed swim. And speaking of wildlife, Costa Rica is arguably the hummingbird capital of the world.

Some of the types of birds you could encounter include the violet sabrewing, the coppery-headed emerald, and the magenta-throated woodstar. There are dozens of tour companies that specialize in river rafting, fishing, ATV driving, scuba diving, tubing, horseback riding, and even zip lining through the rainforest.

There are also plenty of places to go hiking, surfing, and swimming. Costa Rica is one of those forgotten foodie destinations that people often overlook. Some of the most popular dishes include pejibayes peach palm fruits , vuelve a la vida similar to ceviche , and arreglados a type of sandwich. Same goes for the beaches, too.

Pellet 0. Propane Gas 0. Wood 0. Bathroom Approved 0. Bedroom Approved 0. Mobile Home Approved 0. B-Vent 0. Direct Vent 0. Natural Vent 0. Pellet Vent 0.

Vent Free 0. Wood Burning 0. Wood Chimney Vent 0. Yes 0. Freestanding 0. IPI Pilot 0. Millivolt Pilot 0. Legs 0. Pedestal 0. Non-Catalytic 0. IPI Ignition 0. Millivolt Ignition 0. Sign Up for our Newsletter. Sign-up for our Email! Enter your email for new arrivals and special offers. Survivalist Blog — Heating a Double Wide. The Story of Spartan Trailer Company.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Hello, Thank you for an interesting article. In the last picture, The stove is pictured with a self standing heat shield.

Do you happen to have the brand name and place of purchase of that particular heat shield please? Hi, I just talked to my insurance agent, he said none of the companies he work with allow any kind of wood stove in a mobile home. Where are you guys insure your homes? Thanks, Sabi. There are only a few that will allow the stoves and those that allow them only accept mobile home approved stoves that have been either been professionally installed or inspected by the agent personally.

We never installed our little pot belly because it was going to raise our premiums too much. The insurance industry needs to stop this open discrimination. Mobile homes do not catch fire any more than site-built homes in fact, there are significantly less mobile home fires than site-built homes on record.

Where can you find an installer for a wood-burning stove going into a mobile home? You will need a mobile home approved stove so wherever you find it will likely have a couple of installers they can recommend. Of course, the different levels of quality may impact the airtightness of a manufactured home? Very helpful post indeed. But can you mention from where you bought those stove pipe and chimney? To be honest, this is not a cheap project.

Fortunately, recouping the cost would only take a few cold winters and the peace of mind alone would be worth it. We always lose power for a couple of weeks every year in WV and her stove is the only thing we have to stay warm with. We took out our prefab fireplace and my husband built a hearth. Then we had a company install our wood heater.

Best thing we ever did! I wish I could attach the pictures. My email is crystaladkins mobilehomeliving. All I have is after pictures. Will that be ok? You need to isolate wooden parts of your roof from high temperature of the chimney! How to Heat a Mobile Home Install under-pinning on your mobile home. Enhance the insulation in your home.

Consider upgrading your windows. Inspect and service your heating unit annually. Think about building a solar panel to heat the air in your home. Are pellet stoves worth it? Pellet stoves can be an effective and affordable primary or secondary heat source for most residences. Department of Energy DOE. How far away from the wall should a pellet stove be? The outer surfaces of a pellet stove don't get as hot as the surfaces of wood stoves or fireplaces, so most can be placed closer to combustibles—typically 3 inches from walls at the sides and 1 inch from a back wall.

What is the smallest pellet stove made? It has rather nice proportions. Since prefabricated chimneys are a requirement, you should strongly consider using a stack that's met the stringent UL HT standard one of its criteria requires that the chimney withstand temperatures of 2, degrees Fahrenheit. Though this can't guarantee absolute protection against worst-case chimney fires, it's probably the closest you'll get to an ideal installation. Of course, a complete chimney system includes the chimney itself which should extend through the roof and at least 3 inches below the ceiling of the home , a HUD-approved spark-arresting cap, a mobile home joist shield, a tested and listed stovepipe, and an approved chimney connector, such as Security Chimneys Ltd.

Some other points to consider: Your chimney should serve only one appliance, and should extend a minimum of 3 feet above the highest point where it passes through the roof and at least 2 feet higher than any part of a building within 10 feet. Several chimney manufacturers market installation kits and accessories specifically designed for mobile homes, so ask before you purchase.

It's also a good idea to seek recommendations from your distributor regarding stovepipe; the companies that make chimneys usually make matching extensions or flue pipe as well. The hard-ducting outside air inlet requirement assures that the stove won't be depleting oxygen within a closed home. Although the method of installing this fresh-air feed duct depends upon the stove manufacturer's design, it must pass through the structure at some point, usually at the floor. The rear heat shield used by many manufacturers to bring their stoves into compliance with mobile home regulations should be designed to fit around or over the duct; if there's interference, don't discard the shield; contact the stove manufacturer for instructions.

The leg fasteners, too, must pass through the hearth pad to connect to the floor. Most designs consist of metal leg clips secured to the deck by long screws, so make the holes through the hearth slightly larger than those in the floor so the fasteners can pass through the pad material freely.

Finally, protect yourself and your family by taking some precautions before you light the first fire. Familiarize yourself completely with the operation of your particular stove. You might even want to seek approval—preferably in writing—from both the building inspector and the insurance agent, after allowing them to inspect your installation.

It may seem that you're going to a lot of bother, but it's worth it. Before committing yourself to a wood-heating system in any kind of home, you might consider reading Jay W. Shelton's excellent book, Wood Heat Safety. Join us for a much anticipated return to the Lone Star State!

The desire to protect the daughter and anxiety over her future have also found their way into poems. Young as she is, the stuff Of her life is a great cargo, and some of it heavy: I wish her a lucky passage. But just as they inspire love and tenderness, so too do daughters cause pain and disappointment. You did, you loved, your feet are sore. More devastating than the loss of intimacy with a daughter is the grief caused by her death.

National Poetry Month. Materials for Teachers Teach This Poem. Poems for Kids. Poetry for Teens. Lesson Plans. Resources for Teachers. Academy of American Poets. American Poets Magazine. She helps me to remember all the blessings that I have. Daughters are definitely angels. I have two and they are the ones I love the most and so unconditionally. And when I look at my relationship with them dealing with their tantrums, their Do you know how much you mean to me?

As you grow into what you will be. You came from within, from just beneath my heart. It's there you'll always be, though your own life will now start. I have been trying to figure out how to put these feelings into words and I read this and this was it. My daughter is 16 today and needless to say this made her day. Thank you for your My beautiful daughters, I was blessed with two of you You will never know how proud I am of all the things you do.

You came into my world, so tiny and so small God blessed me with a very beautiful daughter. When I look at her I get tears of joy and pure happiness. She makes me the happiest woman in the world with her smile, laughs, hugs, and cries You are a princess in my heart, and I care for you so much. I love the fondness in you eyes and your tender little touch. I read this poem not long after the birth of my first daughter and it really struck a chord with how I feel about my little girl.

I loved it so much that I have put it in her baby book so she My daughter means the world to me! This is definitely not the case, it is so important to make sure that those we love are aware of how much we love them and how appreciative that they are in our lives.

This is especially important for a young girl, a daughter. So do not forget to remind your daughter that she is loved. Choose one of these poems, or create your own, filled with memories, favorite traits, and love to remind your little girl that you love her, and always will. I love you! You light the sky with your fabulous style; Your smile melts my heart away, You captivate audiences with that gleam in your eyes.

You move monsters with your gentle spirit.

With this scoring system, a number ranging from 0—13 is given to rate the condition of the cervix. A Bishop score of less than 6 means that your cervix may not be ready for labor. Ripening the cervix is a process that helps the cervix soften and thin out in preparation for labor.

Medications or devices may be used to soften the cervix so it will stretch dilate for labor. Ripening of the cervix can be done with prostaglandins or with special devices. Prostaglandins are drugs that can be used to ripen the cervix. They are forms of chemicals produced naturally by the body. These drugs can be inserted into the vagina or taken by mouth.

Some of these drugs are not used in women who have had a previous cesarean delivery or other uterine surgery to avoid increasing the possible risk of uterine rupture tearing. Laminaria a substance that absorbs water can be inserted to expand the cervix. A catheter small tube with an inflatable balloon on the end also can be inserted to widen the cervix. Stripping the membranes is a way to induce labor.

The health care professional sweeps a gloved finger over the thin membranes that connect the amniotic sac to the wall of your uterus. This action may cause your body to release prostaglandins, which soften the cervix and may cause contractions. Rupturing the amniotic sac can start contractions. It also can make them stronger if they have already begun. Lauren M. Wheeler, M. Joel M. Bernstien, M. Bari Byrd, M. Alison Kalinowski, M.

John Yoon, M. Erica K. Two Locations. Balloon devices provide mechanical pressure directly on the cervix as the balloon is filled. A Foley catheter 26 Fr or specifically designed balloon devices can be used. The technique is described in Table 3. The catheter is introduced into the endocervix by direct visualization or blindly by locating the cervix with the examining fingers and guiding the catheter over the hand and fingers through the endocervix and into the potential space between the amniotic membrane and the lower uterine segment.

Additional steps that may be taken: Apply pressure by adding weights to the catheter end. Constant pressure: attach 1 L of intravenous fluids to the catheter end and suspend it from the end of the bed. Saline infusion 12 : Inflate catheter with 40 mL of sterile water or saline. Remove six hours later or at the time of spontaneous expulsion or rupture of membranes whichever occurs first. Information from references 7 , and 12 through Currently, several RCTs are comparing use of a balloon device with administration of an extra-amniotic saline infusion, laminaria, or prostaglandin E 2 PGE 2.

Results from these trials indicate that each of these methods is effective for cervical ripening and each has comparable cesarean-section delivery rates in women with an unfavorable cervix. The membranes are stripped by inserting the examining finger through the internal cervical os and moving it in a circular direction to detach the inferior pole of the membranes from the lower uterine segment. The Cochrane reviewers concluded that stripping of the membranes alone does not seem to produce clinically important benefits, but when used as an adjunct does seem to be associated with a lower mean dose of oxytocin needed and an increased rate of normal vaginal deliveries.

It is hypothesized that amniotomy increases the production of, or causes a release of, prostaglandins locally. Risks associated with this procedure include umbilical cord prolapse or compression, maternal or neonatal infection, FHR deceleration, bleeding from placenta previa or low-lying placenta, and possible fetal injury.

The technique for performing amniotomy is described in Table 4. A pelvic examination is performed to evaluate the cervix and station of the presenting part. A cervical hook is inserted through the cervical os by sliding it along the hand and fingers hook side toward the hand.

The nature of the amniotic fluid is recorded clear, bloody, thick or thin, meconium. Information from references 7 and Only two well-controlled trials studied the use of amniotomy alone, and the evidence did not support its use for induction of labor.

Prostaglandins act on the cervix to enable ripening by a number of different mechanisms. They alter the extracellular ground substance of the cervix, and PGE 2 increases the activity of collagenase in the cervix. They cause an increase in elastase, glycosaminoglycan, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid levels in the cervix. A relaxation of cervical smooth muscle facilitates dilation. Finally, prostaglandins allow for an increase in intracellular calcium levels, causing contraction of myometrial muscle.

Currently, two prostaglandin analogs are available for the purpose of cervical ripening, dinoprostone gel Prepidil and dinoprostone inserts Cervidil.

Prepidil contains 0. The techniques for gel and pessary placement are described in Tables 5 and 6 , respectively. Patient is afebrile. No active vaginal bleeding is present. Fetal heart rate tracing is reassuring. Patient gives informed consent. Bring gel to room temperature before application, per manufacturer's instructions. Monitor fetal heart rate and uterine activity continuously starting 15 to 30 minutes before gel introduction and continuing for 30 to minutes after gel insertion. If the cervix is uneffaced, use the mm endocervical catheter to introduce the gel into the endocervix just below the level of the internal os.

If the cervix is 50 percent effaced, use the mm endocervical catheter. After application of the gel, the patient should remain recumbent for 30 minutes before being allowed to ambulate. End points for ripening include strong uterine contractions, a Bishop score of 8, or a change in maternal or fetal status. Do not start oxytocin for six to 12 hours after placement of the last dose, to allow for spontaneous onset of labor and protect the uterus from overstimulation.

Information from Hadi H. Cervical ripening and labor induction: clinical guidelines. Clin Obstet Gynecol ;— Patient selection see Table 5. Using a small amount of water-miscible lubricant, place the tab into the posterior fornix of the cervix.

As the device absorbs moisture and swells, it releases dinoprostone at a rate of 0. Monitor fetal heart rate and uterine activity continuously, starting 15 to 30 minutes before introduction of the insert. Because hyperstimulation may occur up to nine and one-half hours after placement of the insert, fetal heart rate and uterine activity should be monitored from placement of the insert until 15 minutes after it is removed.

Remove the insert by pulling the cord after 12 hours, when active labor begins, or if uterine hyperstimulation occurs. The Cochrane reviewers examined 52 well-designed studies using prostaglandins for cervical ripening or labor induction. Compared with placebo or no treatment , use of vaginal prostaglandins increased the likelihood that a vaginal delivery would occur within 24 hours.

In addition, the cesarean section rate was comparable in all studies. The only drawback appears to be an increased rate of uterine hyperstimulation and accompanying FHR changes. Misoprostol Cytotec is a synthetic PGE 1 analog that has been found to be a safe and inexpensive agent for cervical ripening, although it is not labeled by the U. Food and Drug Administration for that purpose.

Clinical trials indicate that the optimal dose and dosing interval is 25 mcg intravaginally every four to six hours. Risks also include tachysystole, defined as six or more uterine contractions in 10 minutes for two consecutive minute periods, and hypersystole, a single contraction of at least two minutes' duration.

Finally, uterine rupture in women with previous cesarean section is also a possible complication, limiting its use to women who do not have a uterine scar.

Place one fourth of a tablet of misoprostol intravaginally, without the use of any gel gel may prevent the tablet from dissolving. Monitor fetal heart rate and uterine activity continuously for at least three hours after misoprostol application before the patient is allowed to ambulate.

When oxytocin Pitocin augmentation is required, a minimum interval of three hours is recommended after the last misoprostol dose.

If your cervix is ready for labor, your healthcare provider may offer to rupture your membranes. This involves using a small hooked instrument to break your amniotic sac. There is an increased risk of infection, placental abruption , and umbilical prolapse. It involves giving you synthetic oxytocin through an IV pump. Oxytocin is the natural hormone that your body produces during labor to stimulate contractions. In most cases, women may need between 6 and 12 hours on a Pitocin drip to enter active labor.

Usually, the drip will be started on the lowest dose and increased gradually until your contractions become regular. Contractions on a Pitocin drip are usually stronger and more painful than they would be naturally. There is no gentle build up to the contraction peak like you would get in a labor that started spontaneously. Instead, these contractions hit hard right at the beginning. These interventions include:. Your healthcare provider will only suggest induction if they believe waiting for labor to start would be riskier than intervening.

Stress is a known inhibitor of oxytocin release. If you want your labor to start naturally, one of the best things you can do is to fully relax.

Pamper yourself, avoid known stressors, and allow your hormones to flow. Exercise may help get your baby into the optimum position for labor, which will allow them to put the desired pressure on your cervix. Staying active and maintaining a healthy diet throughout your pregnancy are great ways to avoid developing gestational diabetes, which is a known risk factor in the induction of labor. Your Bishop score can help you and your healthcare provider understand your labor progression.

Your score may also be used to help determine whether you are a good candidate for labor induction. Your healthcare provider should be able to provide you with all the evidence you need to weigh the risks and benefits and make an informed decision about what is right for you and your baby.

Your baby dropping is one of the first signs that your body is getting ready for labor.

World globe An icon of the world globe, indicating different international options. Get the Insider App. Click here to learn more. A leading-edge research firm focused on digital transformation. Good Subscriber Account active since Shortcuts. Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. It often indicates a user profile. Log out. US Markets Loading H M S In the news. Strategy Contributors. Lindsay Dodgson.

Narcissists are attracted to certain types of people. Rather than weak, vulnerable people, they tend to go for the strong-willed and talented. So in a misguided effort to fast-forward our relationship I became excessively accommodating to him. I let him call me anytime he liked. I was afraid to hurt his feelings, or to push him away. But if I enacted boundaries from the get-go, I probably would have saved myself a lot of heartache down the line.

Does that sound familiar? Dating an attractive woman is an ego boost for a narcissist who always seeks out ways to enhance his status. A beautiful woman can do just that. Of course, everyone is attracted to beautiful people. And what we find pleasing to the eye is almost universal: harmonious, symmetrical features are captivating regardless of race, age, culture, etc. But while other people can find beauty on the inside as well as the outside, the narcissist is all about appearances.

That vanity is the reason narcissists are often physically attractive themselves. They are the kind of people to go to the gym 5 times a week, have a skincare routine, wear expensive clothes, etc. So they are immensely attracted to beautiful women. And the more beautiful the woman is, the bigger the ego high they receive.

However, the high will not be long-lasting. A narcissist will sense that and use it to his advantage. On the other hand, many narcissists are driven to success by their need for attention and admiration. Until she worked on her childhood issues, she seeks out a familiar abusive pattern with her romantic partners — one that a narcissist is happy to provide. It can help you become aware of how you might be subconsciously replaying a father-child dynamic in your relationships, and choosing men who are either emotionally unavailable or abusive.

His ex really did a number on him. He just needs the love of a good woman to heal. You can only fix your own tendency toward codependency. The truth is, narcissists are attracted to shiny objects. Kind of like birds.

Or children. This may be true for a subtype of narcissists called closet narcissists, but for exhibitionist and toxic narcissists the joy comes from the destruction of others. More often than not, a relationship with a narcissist is all about control.

If they feel they have power over their partner, a narcissist will see the relationship as successful. That journey is what makes it diabolical, and it's why they enjoy it. World globe An icon of the world globe, indicating different international options. Get the Insider App.

Click here to learn more. A leading-edge research firm focused on digital transformation. Lindsay Dodgson. Narcissists are attracted to certain types of people.

Add 10g of Borax powder and stir until it has completely dissolved. It might help to slightly heat the water. Glue Add 50ml of white school glue into a plastic cup. Any white school glue can be used as long as it is PVA polyvinyl acetate based.

Now add your additives, which can be food color, pigments, iron particles to make magnetic putty , etc. Stir until the additives have completely mixed with the liquid. It often works best to have someone else continually stir while another lab partner adds the borate solution. By combining boric acid with silicone oil, a material resulted that would stretch and bounce farther than rubber, even at extreme temperatures. In addition, the substance would copy any newspaper or comic-book print that it touched.

There is some debate on who received the first patent. Corning Glass Works, who was also developing a substitute for rubber, applied for a patent in and received it in for treating dimethyl silicone polymer with boric oxide.

Wright applied for his patent in In any event, Wright is still officially credited with the invention. By , General Electric GE had shared this discovery with scientists around the world, only to find that none of them, including those at the U. War Production Board, found it more practical than the synthetic rubber already then being produced. Several years later, an unemployed copywriter named Peter Hodgson recognized its marketing potential as a children's toy, after first seeing it advertised at a local toy store as an adult gift.

Hodgson bought the production rights from GE and renamed it Silly Putty, packaging it in plastic eggs because Easter was on the way. However, by Silly Putty was most popular with kids ages six to 12 years old. By the time Hodgson died in , Silly Putty had made him a multi-millionaire.

It was only after its success as a toy that practical uses were also found for Silly Putty. It picks up dirt, lint, and pet hair, and can stabilize wobbly furniture. It has also been used in stress-reduction and physical therapy athletes have used it to strengthen their grip , and in other medical and scientific situations like smoking cessation programs.

When the putty is slowly molded, the crosslinks have time to break and reform at different points in the polymer chains. This means we are able to see the viscous flow of the putty. However, when the putty is pulled with suitable force, the crosslinks do not have time to break and reform, so elastic behaviour is seen.

With suitable force exerted, the putty can even be shattered. That smoking causes cancer is a well known and scientifically proven fact. Hit it with a hammer and it keeps its shape.

Before Photoshop, crafty kids could digitally manipulate and distort images by placing Silly Putty over newspaper , lifting it off, and transferring the ink onto a new surface. According to museum archivist John A. In , Apollo 8 astronauts took Silly Putty to lunar orbit with them in a specially crafted sterling-silver egg.

It amused the bored crew, but the toy also had a practical purpose: It was used to hold down tools in zero gravity. Athletes use Silly Putty to strengthen their grip—a practice popularized by famous football player Raymond Barry. The Columbus Zoo in Ohio once used Silly Putty to make molds of gorilla paws for educational purposes.

No word on whether the animals enjoyed playing with Silly Putty as much as their human counterparts.